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An electroencephalography (EEG) machine is specifically designed to monitor and record the electrical activity of the brain. This technique involves placing electrodes on the scalp, which detect the voltage fluctuations resulting from the ionic current within the neurons of the brain. The output is a series of waveforms that represent different states of brain activity, such as sleep, wakefulness, and various forms of cognitive function. The primary purpose of an EEG is to help diagnose conditions like epilepsy, sleep disorders, and other neurological issues by analyzing brainwave patterns.

In contrast, other options pertain to different physiological functions; for instance, heart rate is monitored using an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), blood pressure is assessed with a sphygmomanometer, and respiratory patterns are observed through spirometry or other respiratory monitoring devices. Understanding what each type of monitoring equipment does is crucial in the healthcare field for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.